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1. Dewi Anjelina
2. Yuyun Sri Wahyuni
3. Queency Variany
4. Yuanita

8 Mei 2013

Types Of Writing


Types Of Writing

Different types of writing are required for different purposes. In general, writing can be divided into three kinds: narration, description, and exposition. Narration tells"what happened". It tells a story. It is the kind of writing that you find in novels, short stories, and biographies. Description tells how something looks or feels or sounds. Exposition is writing that explains something. It often answers the question what, how, and why. Its purpose is to present ideas and to make the ideas as clear as possible.

Exercise 1: Which of the three types of writing above is illustrated by the following paragraph? 
One day a crow stole a piece of cheese from a woman's kitchen and flew with it to a tree. A fox who was very hungry saw the crow. He said to the crow, "You have a beautiful voice. Wont you sing for me?" The crow was very pleased by the compliment. As he opened his mouth to sing, the piece of the cheese feel to the ground. The fox snatched the cheese and ran a way.

1.1 Narration
There are various ways to organize the sentences in a piece of writing. In narration the sentences are usually organized according to time order or chronological order. One thing happens and then another thing happens, and the events are told in the same order.
You are familiar with time order because you have noticed it when you were reading stories. The story you just read about the fox and the crow follows time order. The sentences in the paragraph tell the story just as the events, the sentences could be arranged like this:
1. A crow stole a piece of cheese from a woman’s kitchen.
2. He flew with it to a tree.
3. A fox who was very hungry saw the crow.
4. He said to the crow, “You have a beautiful voice. Wont you sing for me?”
5. The crow was very pleased by the compliment.
6. He opened his mouth to sing,
7. The piece of the cheese fell to the ground.
8. The fox snatched the cheese.
9. He ran a way.
Because the events happened in a certain order, it is important that the sentences in the story follow one another in a certain order. Supposed the sentences were arranged like this:
· The piece of the cheese fell to the ground.
· The fox snatched the cheese.
· He ran a way.
· He opened his mouth to sing
· A fox who was very hungry saw the crow.
· He said to the crow, “You have a beautiful voice. Wont you sing for me?”
· The crow was very pleased by the compliment.
· A crow stole a piece of cheese from a woman’s kitchen
· He flew with it to a tree.
If the sentences were arranged like this, the story would be so mixed up that you could not understand it. You can see how important it is to arrange the sentences in good order.

Exercise 2:. The following sentences are not ordered as they should be.
Number the sentences to put them in order.
Example: 3-- He looked especially at bicycles, radios, and phonograph records.
4-- At four o’clock he went home.
2-- He looked at various things.
1-- John went to the shopping center yesterday.

a. -- George liked one of them.
-- The librarian gave him three books to read.
-- George visited the library.
-- He checked the book out and took it home with him.
-- He asked for a book to read.

b. -- The small car turned over.
-- There was an accident at the street corner.
-- The two men inside it were badly injured.
-- A large truck hit a small car.
-- The police took them to a hospital.

c. -- The house began to leak.
-- Then leaks began in other rooms.
-- Fortunately the rain stopped then, and the sun came out.
-- The first leak started in the living room.
-- It rained steadily for two days.

d. -- They came to school ready to write the exam.
-- The students studied very hard for it.
-- He was sick that day.
-- They found that the teacher was not here.
-- The teacher said he would give an examination.

e. -- Two women were there.
-- Then the other had her hair washed and set.
-- Mary went to the beauty shop.
-- Finally the hair dresser was ready for Mary.
-- One woman had her hair cut.

1.2 Description
You have seen that narration usually follows time order. Description may follow various kinds of order, depending on what is being described. If you are describing a man, you will choose different things to say than if you are describing a mountain, a restaurant, a kitchen utensil, or a dress.
One kind of description follows a space order. In space order you tell where things are. This is the order you are probably follow if you to describe a place. For example, here is a description of a classroom:

Example 1: The classroom is large, clean and lighted. The wall are pale green. On the wall at the left as you enter there are three large windows. The teacher’s desk is in the front. Blackboards cover most of the wall at the right.

Notice that this writer describes how the room looks from the door—what is on the left, what is in the front, and what is on the right. It does not matter which way you move in the description. The important thing is to have some order that will be easy for the reader to follow.
Now, compare the description using space order with this description of a man:.
Example 2: The man who opened the door in answer to my knock was an elderly man, white haired and bent. He looked at me over his spectacles, which were far down on his nose. In spite of of his age, his dark eyes were keen and his voice was clear and strong. I noticed that he was wearing a bright coloured sports shirt.

In describing the man, the writer selected the man’s most interesting and most outstanding features. This description is quite different from a description of a place based on space order. The kind of description you use depends on what you are describing.

1.3 Exposition
Narration tells what happened. Description tells how something looked or felt or sounded. Exposition explains something. Here are some examples of exposition.
Example 1: Our teeth are very important to us. There are two main uses for teeth. One is to chew our food, which then is easy to swallow and digest. The second use is to help us talk. We put our tongues against our teeth to make certain sounds. It is difficult to understand what a person is saying if he does not have any teeth.

Notice that this paragraph does not tell about happening and it does not describe the teeth. The paragraph explains why our teeth are important.

Example 2: The common housefly is very dangerous. It carries germs in its mouth and on its legs and feet. The legs and feet are covered with small hairs. On this hairs there are thousands and thousands of germs. One fly may carry as many as 6,000,000 germs. When a fly stops and eats some food, it leaves thousands of germs on the food.

Notice that the first sentence says the housefly is dangerous. Then the sentences that follow explain what this means. They explain by telling why the housefly is dangerous and how it spreads germs.
What kind of order does exposition follow? Because exposition tries to make ideas clear and understandable to the reader, we say that it follows logical order. There are various kinds of logical order. You may learn more about them as you go on in these composition lessons.
 
Exercise 3: Mark each paragraph N for Narration, D for Description, and E for Exposition.
---- 1. The robin is common American bird. It grows about 9 or 10 inches long. The male has rusty-red breast, dark grey upper parts, and a blackish head. Its tail features are tipped with white. The female is usually slightly smaller than the male and duller colour. Robins live in North America from Mexico to Alaska.


---- 2. Special schools have been developed in Iran to meet the educational needs of nomads. Nomads are people who move from place to place. Because they move so often, their children cannot read or write. Consequently, the government of Iran cannot send letters to them or make agreements with them. To solve the educational problem, the government has started schools in tents in the normal camps.

----3. The traveller stepped into the hall of the old castle and looked around. It was a large room with stone walls. Several sleeping dogs lay against the wall on the left. In the middle of the room there was a fire. The smoke rose to a hole in the ceiling, but some of it remained in the room. The windows, high in the wall on the right, were not very large and the great room was rather dark.


----4. In 1928, an English doctor was working in his laboratory in London hospital. The doctor’s name was Alexander Flemin. One day he found a tiny bit of mold and studied it for a long time. He discovered that it could kill germs. He named it penicillin.


----5. Many foods contain small amounts of substances called vitamin. Vitamines are necessary to the health for body. Even if we eat a lot of food, we will not be healthy unless the food contains enough vitamins. Vitamins are important for healthy eyes and skin, strong bones and teeth, normal growth, and the regulation of the work of the body’s organs.

1.4 Mixed Writing

It is not always easy to decide what is narration, what is description, and what is exposition. Often a piece of writing includes all three types. A narration may include some description and some exposition. An exposition may use some narration and description in order to explain something as completely as possible. Usually, it is possible, however, to decide whether a piece of writing mainly narration, or mainly description, or mainly exposition

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