Nama Kelompok

1. Dewi Anjelina
2. Yuyun Sri Wahyuni
3. Queency Variany
4. Yuanita

13 Mei 2013

Exposition

Although you need to practice the three types of writing, most of the work in this course will be on exposition. This is the type of writing that is mostly needed by the students. When you write your thesis, you will also need to use this kind of writing more than the other kinds.
Most of your reading will also be the expository type, for that is the type found in textbooks, newspaper and magazine articles, essays, reports, and non fictions in general. Of course, you may also read literature-novels, short stories, drama, and poetry, but most of your reading will be of expository materials.
Because the emphasis here will be on exposition, most of the paragraphs you will discuss and write will be paragraphs of exposition. Expository paragraphs have certain types of organization that need to be learned.

2.1 Logical Order
Narration usually follows time order and description sometimes follows space order. We say that exposition follows logical order. This means that the paragraphs are arranged in such a way that the reader can understand the writer’s thinking.
In time order the writer guides the reader from one happening to another. In space order the writer guides the reader from one piece to another. In logical order the writer guides the reader from one point to another.

2.1.1 One Topic
One part of logical order in that all the sentences in a paragraph refer to the same topic. Look at these sentences:
Example 1: The sky is very blue today. He lives in large house. Elephants are large animals. Many foods contain small amounts of substances called vitamins. I like ice cream.
What is the paragraph about? It is impossible to say what it is about. Is it really a paragraph? It looks like a paragraph because the first sentence is indented. But it is not a paragraph. It has no single topic. Each sentence is about something different. The sentences have no relation to each other. They do not make sense.
Now look at these sentences:
Example 2: There is a book on the desk. It is a large book. It is new. It is a chemistery book.

What is this paragraph about? It is easy to see that it is about a book. These are very simple sentences. Is it possible for such simple sentences to form a paragraph? Yes, they all deal with a single topic. All the sentences refer to the certain book. That means that all the sentences are about the same topic.

2.1.2 Unity
When all the sentences in a paragraph are about the same topic, the paragraph forms a unit. We say the paragraph has unity. Unity helps the reader follow the writer’s thought. A paragraph has unity when every sentence sticks to the subject.
Exercise 1: Read the following paragraphs and decide what each one is
about. Does each sentence deal only with a single topic?
1.Bicycles provide a simple form of transportation. They are used for both pleasure and business. The word bicycle means “ wheels.” The rider pedals with his feet to make the wheels move. No one knows who built the first bicycle.

2.Thomas A. Edison was an American inventor. He was born in Ohio in 1847. Throughout his life he worked in various technical and scientific fields. He became very successful and famous. Perhaps his most important invention was electric light.

What is the topic of paragraph 1? What is the topic of paragraph 2? Now, read the next paragraph and notice its topic. Does every sentence deal with the topic?


3.Scientists have made a new type of rubber. This type of rubber has certain advantages over the other types. Plastic materials also have many advantages. So far this type of rubber is produced only in the laboratory, but later it may be made in factories.

The topic of this paragraph is a new type of rubber. However, the third sentence mentions plastic materials, which have no relation to the topic. Therefore, this sentence does not belong in the paragraph.
The next two paragraphs also contain sentences that are not directly related to the topic. Underline these unrelated sentences.
4. I never know what to do with my hands when I am giving a talk. For instance, when I am making an oral report in his history class, I have trouble with my hands. Sometimes I put them behind me. At other times I hide them in my pockets. A good speaker does not pause very much while he is speaking. Often I clasp my hands in front of me to keep them from shaking while I am speaking.

5. It was really a perfect day. It was a day that made everything seem beautiful. The sun shone brighty, but it was not hot. The flower seemed to open up wider in the lovely weather. It was a day when the world seemed brighter and happier than usual. In the winter I have to stay indoors so much that i like to be outdoors in summer.




2.1.3 Irrelevant Sentences
If a sentence does not deal with the topic of the paragraph, we say that it is irrelevant. This means that it is not closely related to the other sentences in the paragraph. If a sentence is irrelevant, it does not belong in the paragraph and should be taken out. If a paragraph contains irrelevant material, it does not have unity.

Exercise 2: Here are more paragraphs that contain irrelevant material. Underline the sentences that you consider irrelevant.

1.Diamonds are the most valuable of the precious stones. They were first discovered in India, probably around 500 B.C. For a long time, India was the only source of diamonds. Later, large diamond fields were discovered in Africa. Many rubies and other precious stones come from Burma. The largest and most perfect diamonds are so valuable that they are priceless. Most of these stones are now held by museums and governments.

2. Many of the vegetables we buy when we go to the supermarkets are “naturalised American.” Originally, they come from faraway places. Tomatoes and the so-called Irish potatoes came from South America. Cucumbers and eggplants originated in India. Radishes came from China. No one knows where apples and pears were first found, but scientists believe peaches came from China. Peas, carrot, lettuce, and parsnips are also from Asia.

3. Japan consists of a group of four large islands and hundreds of small ones. The largest and most important island is Honshu, on which the six chiefs cities are situated. The island of Shikoku, south of Honshu, is one of the chief rice growing regions. Kyushu is the most southerly of the large islands. North of Honshu is Hokkaido, which is more thinly populated then the other large islands. Spring and summar are usually very pleasant.

4. Ice cream is so common in our lives that we never think about how we came to have it. Who first made ice cream? It is thought that ice cream, like many other things, originated in China. Some other inventions by the Chinese are said to be gunpowder, paper, and silk cloth. It is believed that a traveller brought the idea from China to Italy several centuries ago. From Italy it spread to France and England, and later to the United States.

5. The idea behind credit cards is that someone trusts us and believes that we will play for something at a later date. The use of credit in business is very old. People have given other people credit for thousands of years in many different parts of the world. The modern credit card, however, has been in use only since about 1950. Many changes in business have taken place in recent years. Now, people use credit card for food, lodging, goods, and services of all kinds.

2.2 Finding the Topic

You have seen that in a good paragraph all the sentences deal with one topic. It is important to recognize the topc. Look at this paragraph:

Example 1: Shopping is hard for me. I get very tired walking around in large department stores. Having to choose among several items is often confusing. Even though there is so much marchandise, very often I can’t find what I am looking for. For example, if I am looking for a blouse, they may have the colour I want, but not in my size. If the blouse is the right size, it is the wrong colour.





What is the topic of this paragraph? Check one.
--- a. Shopping
--- b. Large department store
--- c. Wrong merchandise
The paragraph says something about large department stores about wrong merchandise, but that is only part of the paragraph. The whole paragraph is about shopping.
Now read this paragraph:

Example 2: Shopping on Saturday is usually tiresome. The stores are crowded. Too many people are doing thier shopping on the same day. They all want to be waited on at the same time. Usually service is slow because there are not enough clerks to take care of the extra people. Often both the clerks and the customers become irritable.

What is the topic of this paragraph? Check one.

--- a. Shopping
--- b. Crowds in the stores
--- c. Shopping on Saturday
Does this paragraph have the same topic as paragraph 1? If it is different, how is it different?
Here is another paragraph:

Example 3: Getting to school in winter is difficult. Getting up in the morning is always hard, but getting up while it is still dark makes it more difficult. It is unpleasant to go out into the cold, dark morning. It is even more unpleasant to stand on the corner and shiver while waiting for the bus.

What is the topic of this paragraph? Chek one.
---- a. Getting up in winter
---- b. Getting to school
---- c. Getting to school in winter


2.3 The Topic Sentence
You have probably noticed that in the paragraphs you have read, the topic is given in the first sentence. This sentence tells you immediately what the paragraph is about and what you can expect to find in the paragraph. The sentence that gives you the topic of the paragraph is called the topic sentence.
When the topic sentence opens the paragraph, it makes a general statement about a subject. The other sentences in the paragraphs give more details to complete the picture.
You saw that there was a different between paragraph 1 and paragraph 2.
Paragraph 1 was about shopping in general, but paragraph 2 was about a certain kind of shopping – shopping on Saturday. What do you notice about paragraph 3? You see that it is not about getting to school, but about getting to school at a certain time – in winter.
It is important to know the correct topic of a paragraph.

2.3.1 Topic and Statement
Here are topic sentences for the example paragraphs in this unit.
a. Shopping is hard for me.
b. Shopping on Saturday is usually tiresome.
c. Getting to school in winter is difficult.
If you look at these sentences carefully, you will see that each sentence has two parts: the subject, which names what is being talked about, and the predicate, which completes the general statement about the subject. For ease of discussion, the topic sentence can be broken down into “topic” and “statement about the topic (controlling idea).”

Topic Statement about the topic(controlling idea)
Sentence a. Shopping is hard for me.
Sentence b. Shopping on Saturday is usually tiresome.
Sentence c. ................................... ..............................

Here are some topic sentences from paragraphs you have read in the preceding units. For each sentence, give the topic and then give the statement that is made about the topic.
a. Our teeth are very important to us.
b. The common housefly is very dangerous.
c. Bicycles provide a simple form of transportation.
d. Thomas A. Edison was an American inventor.
e. Diamonds are the most valuable of the preciuos stones.

2.3.2 Writing the Topic Sentence
Read the following sentences. This is not a good paragraph, but is being used to illustrate a point. Is there a topic sentence in this paragraph?
1. May was hot. June was hot. July was hot. August was hot. September was hot.
Which of the items below is the best topic?
July weather
Weather
The weather last spring and summer
Which of the words below best expresses what should be said about the topic?
unusual
hot
rainy
Now you know the topic of the paragraph and what should be said about the topic. On the blank line below write a suitable topic sentence for paragraph 1 above: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here is another group of sentences:
2. The news was bad on Monday. The news was bad on Tuesday. The news was bad on Wednesday. The news was bad on Thursday and Friday.

Which of the items below is the best topic?
a. the news
b. bad news
c. the news last week
Which of the words below best expresses what should be said about the topic?
a. important
b. bad
c. cheerful
Now you know the topic of the paragraph and what should be said about the topic. On the blank line below write a suitable topic sentence for paragraph 2 above: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here is another group of sentences:
3. George washed the blackboard. He swept the floor. Robert cleaned the erasers. He dusted the desks. He emptied the wastebasket.

Which of the items below is the best topic?
George
Robert.
George and Robert.

Which of the items below best expresses what should be said about the topic?
swept the floor
dusted the desk
cleaned the room.

Now you know the topic of the paragraph and what should be said about the topic. On the blank line below write a suitable topic sentence for paragraph 3 above: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exercise : Each of the following paragraph includes irrelevant material. Read the paragraphs and cross out the sentences you consider irrelevant.

1. Today we depend on electricity more than we realize. Electricity gives us light in the darkness, warmth in winter, and coolness in summer. It cooks our food and washes our clothes and dishes. It helps us shape, sew, and clean the house. Electricity gives us cinemas and television to entertain us in our free time. Sometimes storms cut off the supply of electricity.


2. Most ants are hard workers. They often work from six o’clock in the morning until ten o’clock at night. Ants may live to be a year old, and some have been known to live six or seven years. The work is divided among the ants so that each one has a certain amount to do. We do not know how they decide what work each one is to do.

3. Dr. Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria. In his laboratory he was growing a certain kind of harmful bacteria in small dishes. One morning he came to work as usual. It was beautiful fall morning. He looked at his dishes of bacteria and noticed something unusual. In one dish there was a greenish-blue mold.

B. Read the following paragraphs carefully and then write a good topic sentence for each one.

1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First, they visited the elephants. Then, they visited the lions and tigers. Next, they saw the bears. Some of the bears were brown and some were black. Their last stop was at the monkey cage. The children enjoyed the monkeys most of all.

2. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As soon as she got to work, her boss dictated several letters. Julie typed the letter neatly and gave them to her boss to sign. The telephone rang frequently and she answered it. She had to find several letters in the files. Noon came very fast.

3. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mrs. Gracia cleaned the stove and washed the kitchen floor on Saturday. She also cleaned the refrigerator inside and outside. Her daughter Anna helped her. Anna dusted the furniture in the living room and cleaned the rug with the vacuum cleaner. Then, she put clean sheets on the bed and used the vacuum cleaner in the bedrooms.

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